Magnetic beam adjusting arrangements

ABSTRACT

A pair of four-pole magnet rings, each mounted for independent, concentric rotational adjustment about the neck of an in-line, tri-beam shadow-mask color kinescope, constitute a facility for introducing mutually opposing shifts of the outer beams of the in-line trio in any desired direction, without substantially affecting the central, axial beam, and without requiring internal pole piece structures for field directing purposes. A pair of 6pole magnet rings, each mounted for independent, concentric rotational adjustment about an adjacent region of the color kinescope neck, constitute an additional facility for introducing like-direction shifts of the outer beams of the in-line trio in any desired direction, without substantially affecting the central beam, and without requiring internal pole piece structures for field directing purposes. The two magnet ring pairs together provide an arrangement for effecting static convergence of the beam trio at the kinescope screen. A third pair of two-pole magnet rings, similarly subject to rotational adjustment about the kinescope neck, provide means for introducing like-direction shifts of all three beams in any desired direction for conventional purity adjustment purposes. In a preferred application of the invention, the two-pole ring pair, six-pole ring pair and four-pole ring pair, appear in axially spaced relation of a common mount surrounding the kinescope neck to the rear of a deflection yoke (with the ring pairs in the order named, progressing from the neck base toward the yoke rear) and constitute the only neck components (exclusive of the deflection yoke) required in set-up and operation of the color kinescope.

United States Patent 1 Barbin [54] MAGNETIC BEAM ADJUSTING ARRANGEMENTS [75] Inventor: Robert Lloyd Barbin, Lancaster, Pa.

[73] Assignee: RCA Corporation, New York, NY.

[22] Filed: Jan. 14, I972 [21] Appl. No.: 217,757

Primary Examiner-George Harris Attorney-Eugene M. Whitacre et al.

571 ABSTRACT A pair of four-pole magnet rings, each mounted for independent, concentric rotational adjustment about the neck of an in-line, tri-beam shadow-mask color kinescope, constitute a facility for introducing mu- [111 3,725,831 [451 Apr. 3, 1973 tually opposing shifts of the outer beams of the in-line trio in any desired direction, without substantially affecting the central, axial beam, and without requiring internal pole piece structures for field directing purposes. A pair of 6-pole magnet rings, each mounted for independent, concentric rotational adjustment about an adjacent region of the color kinescope neck, constitute an additional facility for introducing likedirection shifts of the outer beams of the in-line trio in any desired direction, without substantially affecting the central beam, and without requiring internal pole piece structures for field directing purposes. The two magnet ring pairs together provide an arrangement for effecting static convergence of the beam trio at the kinescope screen. A third pair of two-pole magnet rings, similarly subject to rotational adjustment about the kinescope neck, provide means for introducing like-direction shifts of all three beamsin any desired direction for conventional purity adjustment purposes. In a preferred application of the invention, the twopole ring pair, six-pole ring pair and four-pole ring pair, appear in axially spaced relation of a common mount surrounding the kinescope neck to the rear of a deflection yoke (with the ring pairs in the order named, progressing from the neck base toward the yoke rear) and constitute the only neck components (exclusive of the deflection yoke) required in set-up and operation of the color kinescope.

8 Claims, 16 Drawing Figures PATENTEDAPRB 1.91s 3' 7 5 3 1 SHEET 2 [IF 3 PATENTEUAPRB m5 SHEET 3(1F3 1 MAGNETIC BEAM ADJUSTING ARRANGEMENTS This invention relates generally to magnetic arrangements for beam position adjustment in a multiple-beam cathode ray tube, and particularly to magnetic arrangements of such character which may be employed, for example, to effect static convergence of the plurality of electron beams in an in-line, tri-beam, shadow-mask color kinescope.

In a tri-beam color kinescope employing an in-line configuration, the electron beam sources are aligned to originate beam paths having axes lying essentially in a common plane, with a central beam path oriented in registry with the tube, neck axis and with respective outer beam paths symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of the central beam.

For proper picture reproduction, it is desired that the three beams strike coincident regions of the phosphor screen of the kinescope. While the gun structures of the kinescope ideally are designed to effect such convergence of the beams at thescreen center in the absence of beam deflection, practical tolerances in the manufacture of the kinescope and associated components dictate the need for associating with the kinescope suitable means for correcting a range of center-ofscreen misconvergence errors that may be encountered in actual practice Adjustable magnetic fields are usually employed in effecting the requisite static convergence adjustments,

and the typical commercially employed arrangement,,

for both in-line and delta gun configuration, has involved the use of adjustable magnets in association with field-directing pole piece structures outside and within theneck of the kinescope. The presence of magnetic pole piece structures for convergence purposes in close proximity to the neck region enclosed by the deflection yoke poses a problem of undesired interactions between the fields associated with the respective structures.

The present invention is directed to an adjustable magnet arrangement facilitating the achievement of static convergence of in-line beams without the use-of internal field-directing pole piece structures. Pursuant to the principles of the present invention, provision is made for the establishment of adjustable magnetic fields of two different characters in axially spaced regions of the tube neck, one field character being such that it oppositely intersects the respective outer beam paths while having negligible magnitude in the central beam vicinity, and the other field character being such that it intersects with similar direction the respective outer beam paths while also having negligible magnitude in the central beam vicinity. By appropriate adjustment of the orientation, polarity and magnitude of the respective fields, opposite-direction shifts of the positions of the outer beams,. and/or like-direction shifts of the positions of the outer beams, may be carried out,'as required, to bring the outer beams inregistry with the central beam at the center of the screen.

In accordance with the illustrative embodiments of the present invention, quadripolar (four-pole) magnet structures are employed for field'establishment of the firstnamed (differential effect on outer" beams) character, while sextipolar (six-pole) magnet structures are employedfor field establishment of the secondnamed (common effect on outer beams) character.

Adjustably positioned PM (permanent magnet) structures and adjustably energized EM (electromagnet) structures are both feasible for realization of the fourpole and six-pole magnet systems.

In an illustrative PM arrangement, a pair of juxtaposed four-pole magnet rings and a pair of juxtaposed six-pole magnet rings are rotatably mounted about axially spaced regions of the tube neck (free of the presence of internal magnetizable structures). Each of the four-pole rings has four poles symmetrically positioned about the ring periphery and alternating in polarity; i.e., with reference to a given north pole loca- -99". thets l in fl q s oqetiqn Nl and S270. Each of the six-pole rings has six poles symmetrically positioned about the ring periphery and alternating in polarity; i.e., with reference to a given north pole location thereon, the remaining pole locations are: S-60; N-l20; S-l80; N240; and S800 Conjoint rotation of the rings of a pair alters the direction of the resultant beam shifts, while differential rotation of the rings of a pair alters the beam shift magnitude.

In use of the above-described PM arrangement, an additional pair of rotatable magnet rings, of a bipolar (two-pole) form, may conveniently be supported on a common mount with the other ring pairs, the additional ring pair providing a facility for commonly shifting all three beams for conventional purity correction purposes. While the precise locations of the respective ring pairs along the tube neck axis to the rear of the, deflection yoke does not appear to be critical, an order of locations which places the six-pole ring pair centrally, with the four-pole rings to the fore and the two-pole rings. to the rear, appears-advantageous for readily obtaining adequate adjustment sensitivity for all of the desired Qfields other location orders, however, are recognized as being feasible.

Desirably, in the above-describedPM magnet arrangement, realization of the desired four-pole and sixpole magnet systems is effected by employment of low permeability magnetic material (such as barium ferrite) to minimize disturbance of, or other interaction with, the deflection yoke field. This may be of particular concern in one contemplated application of the present invention where the design of the color kinescope and associated deflection yoke are such as to substantially maintain (i.e., within tolerances acceptable to an average viewer) the center-of-screen convergence conditions throughout the scanning of a raster. The described arrangements of the present invention are particularly suitable for such application by providing means for readily obtaining accurate center-ofscreen convergence with structures suffering little or no interference from fringe yoke fields, and, in turn, causing little or no disturbance to the formation of precision yoke fields suitable for convergence maintenance.

In the aforementioned application of the present invention, the array of two-pole, six-pole and four-pole magnet ring pairs constitute the only neck components (exclusive of the deflection yoke apparatus) required in set-up and operation of the color kinescope.

An object of the present invention is to provide novel magnet arrangements for adjusting beam positions in plural beam cathode ray tubes.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily recognized by those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description and an inspection of the accompanying drawings, in which: 7

FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a color kinescope assembly incorporating PM-type beam position adjusting apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1, simplified to omit a showing of structure within the kinesco'pe neck;

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of several magnet ring elements of the beam position adjusting apparatus of FIG. 1; s

FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c are diagrammatic showings illustrating various directions of beam position shifts obtainable with various rotational positions of four-pole magnet ring elements of the FIG. 1 apparatus;

FIGS. 5a, 5b and 5c are diagrammatic showings illustrating various directions of beam position shifts obtainabl with various rotational positions of six-pole magnet ring elements of the FIG. 1 apparatus;

FIGS. 6a, 6b and 6c and diagrammatic showings illustrating various directions of beam position shifts obtainable with various rotational positions of two-pole magnet ring elements of the FIG. 1 apparatus;

FIGS. 7a and 7b are further diagrammatic showings, illustrating how differential rotation of four-pole magnet ring elements from their FIG. 4a positions affects beam shift magnitude;

FIGS. 8a and 8b diagrammatically illustrate fourpole electromagnet structures that may be employed pursuant to an EM modification of the FIG. 1 embodiment of the present invention.

In the side elevation view of FIG. 1, an in-line, tribeam, shadow-mask color kinescope 20, having at its base end a cylindrical neck section 21 and at its viewing end a funnel-portion 23, is illustrated in assembly with associated external neck components. The latter include deflection yoke apparatus 27 (not shown in detail) encircling the forward end of the kinescope neck 21 an an adjoining flared portion of the funnel section 23. V

To the rear of the deflection yoke 27 are the remaining neck components, in the form of six-rotatable magnet rings 30A, 30B, 40A, 40B, 50A and 50B mounted on acommon (non-magnetic) cylindrical support 70 encircling the neck 21. As better indicated in the sectional view of FIG. 2, which shows the front face of the forwardmost ring 508, each ring is formed with a pair of projecting tabs (e.g., 51B, 528) to facilitate manual adjustment of the rotational position of the ring about the support 70. Details of the internal structure of the kinescope neck have not been shown in the sectional view of FIG. 2 to simplify the drawing, but nominal beam axis locations I, II and Ill have been shown within the tube neck to indicate the in-line configuration of the beam paths; the central beam axis II is shown as substantially coincident with the tube neck axis. The interior of the tube neck 21 encircled by the magnet rings is free of magnetic pole pieces or other magnetizable structures.

The ,inner diameter of support 70 is of sufficient width to permit the support to slide over the tube neck 21. A clamping strap 80 provides means for securing the support 70 in a desired fixed position on he neck 21. Axially'spaced (nonmagnetic) positioning rings 60, suitably secured to the support 70, establish a trio of appropriately spaced gaps along the length of the support 70 for occupancy by the rotatable rings in respective pairs-(30A 3013; 40A, 40B; and 50A, 5013). Thin washers (not illustrated) of suitable material (e.g., paper.) may be provided between the. rings of each pair to facilitate independent ring rotation.

In the simplified exploded view of FIG. 3, only the magnet rings (minus their tabs) are shown in orderto illustrate the -magnetization pattern associated with each of the rings. Each of the rings 30A, 30B of the rearmost pair has a two-pole magnetization pattern in which a north pole location is diametrically opposed to a south pole location. Each of the rings 40A, 40B of the central pair has a six-pole magnetization pattern, with the poles equally spaced (at intervals) about the ring periphery and alternating inpolarity. Each of the rings 50A, 50B of the forwardmost pair has a four-pole magnetizationpattem, with the; poles equally spaced (at 90 intervals) about the ring periphery and alternating in polarity. v

The diagrammaticshowing of FIG. 4a illustrates the nature of the beam position shifts that result from the fields of the four-pole ring pair (50A, 508) for a particular orientation thereof. In the orientation of FIG. 4a, ring 50A is positioned with its north poles-directly above and below the axial beam location II; ring 508 is similarly positioned (whereby the fields of the two rings are similarly directed, and are fully aiding). With the indicated'orientation, the field at beam location I is laterally directed with apolarity producing a downward shift of the electron beam at location I (electron motion being into the plane of the paper in the views of FIGS. 4a, et seq.) The field at beam location [I] is also laterally directed but withoppositepolarity, producing an upward shift of the electron beam at location III.

In the orientation of FIG. 4b, rings 50A and 508 have both been rotated 45 counterclockwise from their FIG. positions. In the FIG. .4b positions, the field direction at location I is vertically downward while the field direction at location III is vertically upward; the resultant beam position shifts are laterally rightward at location I and laterally leftward at locationlll. FIG. 4c illustrates that a further counterclockwise rotation (of approximately 22.5") of both rings results in opposite diagonally directed beam position shifts (upward and any of FIGS. 40, 41) or 40. This follows from the fact that the central region of the aperture of the four-pole rings is substantially field free, whereby a beam at the axial location II is substantially unaffected by the fourpole rings no matter what their orientation may be. The

quadripolar field provided by rings 50A, 503 thus con- The diagrammatic showingof FIG. 5a illustrates the nature of the beam position shifts that result from the fields of the six-pole ring pair (40A, 403) for a particular orientation thereof. In the orientation of FIG. 5a, ring 40A is positioned with a pair of diametrically opposed poles in horizontal alignment with in-line locations I, II and III, the north pole of the pair being adjacent location I; ring 40B is similarly positioned. With the indicated orientation, the field direction at location I is lateral with a polarity producing an upward shift of an electron beam at location I; the field direction at location III is also lateral and with like polarity, this also producing an upward shift of an electron beam at location Ill. FIG. 5b illustrates that a 30 counterclockwise rotation of rings 40A and 408 from their FIG. 5a positions results in laterally leftward shifts at both of the locations I and III. FIG. 50 illustrates that a smaller degree of counterclockwise rotation results in like diagonally directed shifts at locations I and Ill.

As in the previous four-pole ring case, no motion is shown for a beam at the axial location II; again, the reason is that the central region of the apertures of the six-pole rings is substantially field free. The sextipolar field provided by rings 40A, 40B thus constitutes a facility for introducing, in any required direction, equal-and-common shifts of the outer beams of an inline trio without disturbing the central, reference beam.

In contrast with the previously described effects of the four-pole and six-pole rings, the two-pole rings 30A and 308 have an effect on all three beams. This is illustrated in FIG. 6a where common-lateral shifts of all three beam's result from a vertical orientation of the poles of the two-pole rings, in FIG. 6b where common vertical shifts of all three beams result from a lateral orientation of the poles of the two-pole rings,,and in FIG. 6c where common diagonal shifts of all three beams result from a diagonal orientation of the poles of the two-pole rings. a

With the noted common shift effect for all three beams, the bipolar field provided by the two-pole rings 30A and 30B constitutes a facility for adjusting the angles of approach of the trio to the kinescopes shadowmask to ensure landing of each on the appropriate phosphor area (i.e., to establish optimum purity).

In all of the illustrations 'of FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, like positioning of each ring of a pair has been assumed. Such relationship provides maximum magnitude for the as sociated beam shift effects. FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate how relative rotation of the rings of a pair away from direct alignment introduces a reduction of the magnitude of the associated beam shift effects. Chosen for illustration purposes are the four-pole rings 50A and 508. In FIG. 7a, the four-pole ring 50A has been rotated l5 clockwise from its FIG. 4a position, while the four-pole ring 508 has been rotated 15 counterclockwise from its FIG. 4a position. As suggested by the arrow directions and lengths in FIG. 7a, the beam shift directions at locations I and III are the same as in FIG. 4a but the beam shift magnitudes are both reduced. This magnitude reduction effect accompanying the spreading" of the magnet rings of a like pair will be familiar to those acquainted with the use of prior art purity ring pairs or centering ring pairs, and should not require further. explanation herein.

While PM structures have been described above for producing the desired field patterns, it will be appreciated that such patterns may also be produced with EM structures. FIGS. 8a and 8b respectively illustrate a pair of four-pole EM ring structures, 50A and 508', each having four coils symmetrically positioned about its periphery, with adjacent coils oppositely wound. Ring 50A, as shown in FIG. 8a, is fixedly positioned with its poles in the orientation of FIG. 4a to introduce oppositely directed vertical shifts at locations I and III. Ring 508, as shown in FIG. 8b, is fixedly positioned with its poles in the orientation of FIG. 4b to introduce oppositely directed lateral shifts at locations I and III. By adjusting the polarity and magnitude of the current flowing serially in the coils of the respective rings (through tap adjustments of the respective potentiometers and one may duplicate any of the effects provided by the rotations of the PM rings 50A, 503. It will be recognized that comparable techniques may be employed with six-pole EM ring structures to duplicate the effects provided by the rotation of the PM rings 40A, 403.

As previously indicated,'the illustrated order for the respective bipolar, sextipolar and guadripolar fields is preferred, placing the sextipolar field centrally to maximize its effectiveness. It may also be noted that there is a concomitant preferred order of field adjustment to minimize retouching requirements. Preferably the bipolar field is adjusted first to optimize purity, establishing the: position v of the reference beam. Thereafter, the sextipolar field is adjusted to provide the required common shifts of the outer beams relative to the axial beam. Finally, the quadripolarfield is adjusted to providethe required opposing shifts of the outer beams, necessary to achieve final registry. Such order of adjustment (in the order of location along the beam path) has the advantage that a given field adjustment does not substantially alter the beam locations in the region of a previously adjusted field.

lllustratively, a low permeability material, such as barium ferrite, may be used in forming the several magnet rings of the FIG. 1 assembly to minimize undesired interactions between the deflection field and the convergence and purity fields. However, for the illustrated order of ring pairs, which places the purity rings 30A and 30B in'a remote location relative to the yoke 27, this precaution may readily be omitted in the case of the purity rings; i.e., a more inexpensive material, such as a suitable steel, may be used for the purity rings 30A, 308 with little adverse consequence.

It will be appreciated that conditions may be encountered in practice where no quadripolar field correction and/or sextipolar field correction is required. Reduction of the shift effect of any of the ring Pairs may readily be eliminated by aligning the rings of a pair in cancelling relationship, as shown, for example, in FIG.

What is claimed is: l. The combination comprising: a tri-beam color kinescope having a cylindrical neck enclosing a trio of in-line beam paths, a central one i of said in-line beam paths substantially coinciding with the longitudinal axis of said neck with the remaining outer ones of said in-line beam paths being substantially symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of said axis, and with all of said in-line beam paths traversing a region of the interior of said neck which is free of magnetizable structures; first adjustable magnetic field producing means mounted on said neck for causing mutually opposing shifts of said outer beam paths in said region without substantially disturbing said central beam path; and

a second adjustable magnetic field producing means mounted on said neck for causing like direction shifts of said outer beam paths in said region without substantially disturbing said central beam path. i

2. A combination in accordance with claim I whereinz I said first field producing means K developing a quadripolar field pattern in said region; and

said second field producing means comprises means for developing a sextipolar field pattern in said region.

3. A I combination in accordance with claim 2 wherein:

said quadripolar field pattern developing means comprises a pair of four-pole magnet rings encircling a portion of said region; and

said sextipolar field pattern developing means comprises a pair of six-pole magnet rings encircling a second portion of said region axially spaced from said first-named region.

' 4. A combination in accordance with claim 3 wherein all of said magnet rings comprise individually rotatable permanent magnet rings.

5. In combination, I

an in-line, tri-beam, shadow-mask color kinescope having a cylindrical neck, a region of the'interior of said neck being substantially free of magnetizable structures;

a cylindrical support encircling said neck region;

a pair of two-pole magnet rings, each magnetized across a ring diameter;

a pair of four-pole magnet rings, each having poles, alternating in polarity, at 90 intervals about the ring periphery; and

a pair of six-pole magnet rings, each having poles, al-

ternating in polarity, at 60 intervals about the ring periphery;

said ring pairs being mounted for rotation concentrically about said support at respective longitudinally spaced locations on said support.

6. Apparatus in accordance with claim 5 also including a deflection yoke mounted on said neck, said fourpole magnet rings being mounted on said support in a' location adjacent to said defection yoke, said two-pole beiri substantial lg symmetrically disposed on opposi e sides of 5a: axis, and with all of said in-lme beam paths traversing a region of the interior of said neck which is free of magnetizable structures;

a pair of four-pole magnet rings rotatably mounted on said neck for causing'mutually opposing shifts of said outer beam .paths in said region without substantially disturbing said centralbeam path; and

a pair of six-pole magnet rings rotatably mounted'on said neck, in axially spaced relation to said first named pair, for causinglike direction shifts of said outer beam paths said region without substantially disturbing said central beam path.

8. A beam adjusting device for .use with an in-line,

tri-beam, shadow-mask color kinescope comprising:

a cylindrical support;

a pair of two pole magnet rings, each magnetized across a ring diameter;

a pair of four-pole magnetrings, each having poles, alternating in polarity, at intervals about the ring periphery; and 4 a pair of six-pole magnet rings, each having poles, al-

ternating in polarity, at 60 intervals about the ring periphery; I said ring pairs being mounted for rotation concentrically about said support at respective longitudinally spaced locations on said support. 

1. The combination comprising: a tri-beam color kinescope having a cylindrical neck enclosing a trio of in-line beam paths, a central one of said in-line beam paths substantially coinciding with the longitudinal axis of said neck with the remaining outer ones of said in-line beam paths being substantially symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of said axis, and with all of said in-line beam paths traversing a region of the interior of said neck which is free of magnetizable structures; a first adjustable magnetic field producing means mounted on said neck for causing mutually opposing shifts of said outer beam paths in said region without substantially disturbing said central beam path; and a second adjustable magnetic field producing means mounted on said neck for causing like direction shifts of said outer beam paths in said region without substantially disturbing said central beam path.
 2. A combination in accordance with claim 1 wherein: said first field producing means developing a quadripolar field pattern in said region; and said second field producing means comprises means for developing a sextipolar field pattern in said region.
 3. A combination in accordance with claim 2 wherein: said quadripolar field pattern developing means comprises a pair of four-pole magnet rings encircling a portion of said region; and said sextipolar field pattern developing means comprises a pair Of six-pole magnet rings encircling a second portion of said region axially spaced from said first-named region.
 4. A combination in accordance with claim 3 wherein all of said magnet rings comprise individually rotatable permanent magnet rings.
 5. In combination, an in-line, tri-beam, shadow-mask color kinescope having a cylindrical neck, a region of the interior of said neck being substantially free of magnetizable structures; a cylindrical support encircling said neck region; a pair of two-pole magnet rings, each magnetized across a ring diameter; a pair of four-pole magnet rings, each having poles, alternating in polarity, at 90* intervals about the ring periphery; and a pair of six-pole magnet rings, each having poles, alternating in polarity, at 60* intervals about the ring periphery; said ring pairs being mounted for rotation concentrically about said support at respective longitudinally spaced locations on said support.
 6. Apparatus in accordance with claim 5 also including a deflection yoke mounted on said neck, said four-pole magnet rings being mounted on said support in a location adjacent to said defection yoke, said two-pole magnet rings being mounted on said support in a location remote from said deflection yoke, and said six-pole magnet rings being mounted on said support in a location intermediate the locations of said two-pole and four-pole magnet rings.
 7. The combination comprising: a tri-beam color kinescope having a cylindrical neck enclosing a trio of in-line beam paths, a central one of said in-line beam paths substantially coinciding with the longitudinal axis of said neck with the remaining outer ones of said in-line beam paths being substantially symmetrically disposed on opposite sides of said axis, and with all of said in-line beam paths traversing a region of the interior of said neck which is free of magnetizable structures; a pair of four-pole magnet rings rotatably mounted on said neck for causing mutually opposing shifts of said outer beam paths in said region without substantially disturbing said central beam path; and a pair of six-pole magnet rings rotatably mounted on said neck, in axially spaced relation to said first named pair, for causing like direction shifts of said outer beam paths in said region without substantially disturbing said central beam path.
 8. A beam adjusting device for use with an in-line, tri-beam, shadow-mask color kinescope comprising: a cylindrical support; a pair of two pole magnet rings, each magnetized across a ring diameter; a pair of four-pole magnet rings, each having poles, alternating in polarity, at 90* intervals about the ring periphery; and a pair of six-pole magnet rings, each having poles, alternating in polarity, at 60* intervals about the ring periphery; said ring pairs being mounted for rotation concentrically about said support at respective longitudinally spaced locations on said support. 